Monday, May 4, 1992

Corporate Media Exist To Sell Products, Not Inform Citizens

In modern day American society, traditional definitions of "connectedness" and "community" have almost ceased to have meaning for many people. Paradoxically, however, our entire nation seems to be more and more "connected," in the sense that our social structure seems to increasingly revolve around being plugged into a nationwide electronic forum.

This forum concerns itself in part with an endless pattern of events designated as the "news of the day" by the media professionals in control of its major outlets, particularly the television networks and mass subscription cable channels (CNN, MTV, ESPN, etc.) capable of providing up-to-the-minute coverage of such news.

It also provides us with a constant barrage of information concerning entertainment events, including the latest films, impending concert tours, and recording releases by superstar recording artists. Not to mention direct access to some of these entertainment events themselves, like broadcasting episodes of popular network television programs.

In the process, this forum allows the majority of Americans to share in a common frame of reference about the world and our place in it, mediated through the mass media - television, in particular. Essentially, our current day mass media have usurped many of the functions that were once served by the more coherent social structures of individual communities in city wards, small towns, and neighborhoods. One might say that the mass media has become our de facto national community, and that it has largely been technological advances that have made such a national, media-directed social structure possible.

What developments in American history have led us to this state of affairs? In order to discern them, it is necessary that we recognize one further reality about the mass media and how it has existed in U.S. society almost since its inception. Advertisers seeking to inform the widest possible audience about their wares have long been a natural fit for mass circulation newspapers, magazines, and television programming.

How better to reach potential customers than through media which people actively seek out, in order to better inform themselves about the world around them? Owing to the absence of direct U.S. government control and subsidy of mass media in America, (the limited exception being funding for the Public Broadcasting Service, or PBS), it is little wonder that advertising revenues have continuously flowed to mass media.

Unfortunately, this has long signaled bad news for the media as an essential component of a well-functioning democratic society. The mass media's primary function in America has not for a very long time been to maintain an informed citizenry, conscious of the important political, social, and economic issues facing our nation and world. Rather, its foremost mission has been to provide a vehicle by which manufacturers and other business concerns can reach consumers with advertising messages and thus help sell their products.

This has been true since the early nineteenth century's "penny press," a wave of mass circulation daily newspapers that emerged in the 1830s. Before this, newspapers were chiefly controlled and financially subsidized by American political parties, still too weak to survive on the strength of circulation and advertising alone. These papers were filled primarily with the sort of "reasoned political opinion" which characterized American public discourse at the time.

With the advent of more popular, penny papers run by editors such as Horace Greeley and James Bennett, circulation soared figures soared. Such papers, in the words of media critic Neil Postman, "began the process of elevating irrelevance to the status of news...by filling their pages with accounts of sensational events, mostly concerning crime and sex." (Amusing Ourselves To Death, Postman, p 66.)

It was not until later in the nineteenth century (1880s) that newspaper advertising revenues first began to outstrip circulation revenues, forever after relegating the media's supposed mission of "keeping the public informed" to second place, behind the interests of advertisers. Yet an important process began soon after the development of the penny press in the 1830s. This was a process by which the information content transmitted by mass media was transformed into a "product" in its own right.

It had clear roots in the technological changes first ushered in with the introduction of telegraphic communication in the 1840s. "It was not long after (the telegraph's debut) that the fortunes of newspapers came to depend not on the quality or utility of the news they provided, but on how much, from what distances, and at what speed." (Postman, p 67.) More specifically, the information explosion that resulted from the transmission of continent-wide "news," reports of "crimes, crashes, fires, floods...news from nowhere, addressed to no one in particular," (Postman, p 65) created opportunities for newspaper publishers to further increase the size of their dailies, and thus the amount of advertising they could carry. Information became a product meant primarily to fill pages (and later, radio and television timeslots) as elaborate frameworks for glorified advertising circulars.

As Postman and fellow communications scholar Joshua Meyrowitz have noted, the development of the telegraph (and later, the telephone) also laid important groundwork for the modern national media "community" because these communication technologies took initial steps towards "making the country seem smaller and other places and people closer." (No Sense Of Place, Meyrowitz, p 116.) Although the spread of world-wide communication introduced irrelevancy on a grand scale (in Postman's words), it also provided people with expanded "mental maps" of the world, and at the very least, an awareness of events far removed from their immediate surroundings.

For that matter, the range of transportation advances that our nation has witnessed in the past 150 years - from steamships to the railroads, from automobiles to jet planes - has also played an important role in expanding people's conceptions of their places within America in relation to others. In turn, these expanded "mental maps" have contributed to the development of the media-directed national dialogue. And of course, telegraphic communication removed news from formerly place-based, location-specific contexts and robbed it of immediate usefulness in the daily lives of whom it was addressed to. The development of photography in the 1840s and 1850s and later, of motion pictures (1890s) would amplify the same effect by introducing visual methods of context-free communication.

Subjugation of later communication technologies to the pursuit of profits continued. The majority of wireless radio stations set up in the U.S. during the early 1920s were operated by business firms interested in the sale of radio receivers. With the advent of radio's first commercials, broadcast in 1922, modern advertising techniques were off and running. Radio soon developed along the lines that television would - an industry deriving massive operating incomes from the broadcasting of advertising. The news, entertainment, and musical programming that graced radio's airwaves were almost immediately reduced to so much filler, broadcast simply to justify the continued running of advertisements.

The development of radio broadcasting also led to the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission in 1934. The FCC supposedly charges all radio and television stations with the responsibility of broadcasting "in the public interest." This is also the supposed primary condition on which renewal of stations' broadcasting licenses rests. In reality, very, very few U.S. stations have ever had their licenses revoked for failure to live up to FCC standards. The increasingly homogeneous nature of the mass media, fostered by growing concentrated ownership within the once-competitive industry, has also been a byproduct of the federal government's refusal to rigorously apply anti-trust laws to proposed mergers between media corporations.

The long dominant view of those in power during both Democratic and Republican administrations of the twentieth century has been that the government's duties towards regulation of media industries are minor ones. Not only has the U.S. government failed to adequately subsidize truly public media outlets, but it has long spurned the very mass media oversight responsibilities that were entrusted to it via the FCC Act. This abdication of government involvement in mass media control has not been a direct cause of the subjugation of true public interest reporting and information access to the dictates of profit-making, but it has ensured that nothing would be done by the broader society to impede its progress.

Finally, with the dawn of the broadcast technologies (radio and television) came a new element that would contribute greatly to mass media's eventual rise to great prominence in America's social structure. This was their ability to re-create elements of human communication in much more realistic manners than made possible by print or even photographic technologies. In turn, the widespread use of radio and television have made what researchers have called "para-social interaction" a fundamental feature of modern American social life. Electronic media have extended the psychological reach of personal communication shared by most Americans, to include the people we "meet" on television every day. "Viewers come to feel they 'know' (such people) in the same way they know their friends and associates." (Meyrowitz, p 119.) Such feelings of intimacy with figures who populate television programming are undoubtedly related to the sense of national "community" that the mass media provide today.

The three evils brought about by modern communication technologies, as outlined by Postman (irrelevance, impotence, and incoherence) remain with us as surely today as when they first began to shape the "news of the day" following the telegraph's invention.

The challenge is to re-orient some elements of our public discourse to their rightful places as the fundamental underpinnings of our democratic society - that is, as channels which can create and maintain an informed citizenry. This is likely to happen only through the development of true, independent sources of public interest reporting, and government funding for projects that provide greater public access to information.

No comments:

Rogues Gallery

All Posts by Category

Tags

#ChapelHillShooting #MuslimLivesMatter (1) $400 haircuts (3) 1960s (1) 1980s (1) 1984 (1) 1988 elections (1) 1989 (1) 1990 elections (3) 1992 elections (1) 1993 (3) 1994 elections (1) 1996 elections (3) 1998 elections (1) 2000 elections (3) 2004 (7) 2004 elections (2) 2008 (32) 2008 congressional races (2) 2012 elections (3) 2014 elections (13) 2016 elections (7) 527 groups (1) 9/11 (4) 9/11 first anniversary (1) Abba Eban (1) Abbe Raven (1) Abbie Hoffman (2) ABC (1) abortion (3) action alert (7) activism (2) advertising (2) advocacy (1) affair (4) Affordable Care Act (1) affordable housing fund (1) afghanistan (2) Age of Obama (1) AIDS (1) AIDS victims (2) AIPAC (1) al gore (2) Al Sharpton (1) Alec Guettal (3) alienation (2) Alison Lundergan Grimes (1) alternative energy (10) Alzheimer's (1) amanda marcotte (2) American Left (4) Americans for Limited Government (1) Americans For Prosperity (1) Amnon Rubenstein (1) andrew young (3) Angelo Robinson (1) anti-communism (1) anti-gay bigotry (1) anti-gay violence (1) anti-immigration activists (2) anti-science (1) anti-Semitism (1) anti-vaccine (1) anti-vaxxers (1) anti-war (6) appeal to southern voters (1) apprentice (1) Ariel Sharon (1) Ashley Todd (2) assassinations (2) Astroturf (1) atheism (1) attack ads (5) attack on voter rights (4) Australia (1) autism (1) average Americans (1) baby boomers (1) baby formula (1) bank of america (1) bankruptcy reform (1) barack obama (24) Barry Commoner (2) BBC (1) Benghazi (1) Benjamin L. Ginsberg (1) Bensonhurst (1) Berkeley (1) Beth Ising (2) bi-racial coalition (1) Biden-Palin Debate (1) big banks (1) big money (4) bigotry (7) bill clinton (6) bill donohue (1) Bill Hedrick (1) Bill O'Reilly (1) billionaires (1) Billy Bragg (1) Black Cultural Center (1) Black Lives Matter (4) black voters (7) Blan Holman (1) block the vote (1) bloggergate (1) bloggers (1) blogosphere (1) Bob Dole (1) Bob Iger (1) bob johnson (1) body cameras (1) books (3) Borders (2) BP (2) Brad Blog (1) Brad Friedman (1) Bruce Braley (4) budget deficit (1) bush (7) Bush Administration (2) bush administration misconduct (3) bush donor (1) bush on steroids (1) bush v. gore (1) California (1) Camilo Padreda (1) campaign feud (1) campaign finance reform (8) campaign gaffes (2) campaign scandals (4) campaigns (1) can edwards win (3) canvassing (1) capitalism (2) Catalyst (5) censorship (5) Cesar Chavez (1) Chad Taylor (1) Channel One (1) chapel hill (7) chapel hill town council (3) Charlie Black (1) Charlie Crist (1) Chatham County (1) chemical industry (2) children (1) chris hughes (1) Chris Whittle (1) Christine O'Donnell (1) CIA (3) CIA recruiting (1) CIA torture report (1) citizen participation (1) Citizens United (1) civil disobedience (2) civil rights (7) civil rights movement (1) civilian casualties (2) Civitas Institute (1) class issues (1) Clean Up Congress (1) Clear Channel (2) Clinton Administration (3) code words (1) Cold War (1) colin powell (1) Colin Small (1) college campuses (2) colonialism (1) columbia (1) community reinvestment (1) community reinvestment act (1) concentration of mass media ownership (4) Concord (1) congress (7) conservation (1) consumer fraud (2) consumers (2) Coors (1) corporate accountability (8) corporate front groups (1) corporate giveaways (2) corporate greed (1) corporate influence (4) corporate media (2) corporate misconduct (8) corporations (8) corruption (1) counter-inaugural (1) CRA (1) cra-nc (2) Craig Hicks (1) CRomnibus (2) crony capitalism (1) cross burnings (1) Crossroads GPS (1) Cuba (1) cuban exiles (1) cultural imperialism (1) Dale McKinley (1) damage control (2) Dana Rohrabacher (1) dark money (3) Darren Wilson (2) David Ball (2) David Brower (1) David Dellinger (1) David Duke (1) David Horowitz (1) Deah Barakat (1) debates (1) Debbie Cook (1) demagogues (3) democracy (6) Democratic Convention (1) democratic nomination (15) democratic party (2) Democrats (2) Denis Hayes (1) deregulation (1) detainees (1) Dick Cheney (1) dictatorships (1) dirty tricks (4) discrimination (1) Disney (1) disparate treatment (1) diversity (1) divisive politics (3) Dominican Republic (1) Donald Rumsfeld (1) donald trump (4) dumpstering (2) durham (2) e-mail (2) early voting (2) Ebola (2) economic inequality (2) economic issues (1) economy (4) ed meese (1) Ed Rollins (1) Edison Project (1) edith childs (1) education (2) edwards affair (4) election day 2008 (1) election fraud (1) electoral college (1) Eliot Spitzer (1) Elizabeth Dole (1) elizabeth edwards (2) Elizabeth Warren (3) Emily Lawson (1) employee pensions (1) end racism (4) energy independence (9) entertaining ourselves to death (5) environment (15) environmental pollution (5) environmental racism (2) Eric Garner (2) Eric Holder (1) Eric Odell (2) Ericka Kurz (21) evan bayh (1) Executive Orders (1) expenditures (1) exploitation of 9/11 (2) Exxon Valdez (1) factory farming (1) Faux News (1) FBI (1) Fear (1) fec (1) feminism (1) Ferguson (3) Fidel Castro (2) field plan (1) financial house of cards (1) fire (1) Fire From The Mountain (1) firebombing (2) fired up (1) first openly gay elected official in south (1) Florida (1) florida recount (1) foreign policy (1) Fox News (1) fraud (1) fraudulent inauguration (2) Frederick Douglass (1) Free Speech Movement (1) freedom songs (1) friend (1) fuel efficiency (1) fundraising (2) gary hart (1) gay (6) gay history (2) gay marriage (1) gay-baiting (4) Gaza (2) gen. david petraeus (1) gender equality (1) general election (23) Generation X (1) George H.W. Bush (9) George Norris (1) george w. bush (12) Geraldine Ferraro (1) Germany (2) gerrymandering (1) get-out-the-vote (3) GLBT community (1) global warming (2) GOP (27) GOP Slime Machine (10) GOTV (3) government harassment (1) government secrecy (1) great recession (1) greed (1) Greg Orman (1) grocery store (1) ground game (1) ground zero (1) GSE's (1) guerrillas (1) guest workers (1) Gulf War (5) gun violence (1) h+r block (1) hackers (2) Hamas (2) Harriet Ann Jacobs (2) Harris Wofford (1) Harry Blackmun (1) Harry Truman (1) Harvey Gantt (6) hate crimes (1) hate-mongering (3) hatred (3) health care reform (4) hedge funds (2) Helen Caldicott (2) Henry Hyde (1) Henry Kissinger (1) Henry Louis Gates Jr. (1) hero (1) Hezbollah (1) hillary clinton (14) historical amnesia (1) history (1) hit the road jack (1) HMO's (1) Ho Chi Minh (1) hoaxes (1) Holocaust (1) home foreclosures (1) homophobia (1) housing (1) Howard Rich (1) HR 1461 (1) Huks (1) Human Rights Campaign (1) hurting communities (1) i feel pretty (1) iit’s a wonderful life (1) immigration (4) immigration action (1) immigration reform (3) Inauguration Day 2009 (1) Incidents In The Life of a Slave Girl (2) income inequality (1) Indigo Girls (1) industrial agriculture (1) industrial revolution (1) integration (1) intelligence community (1) international relations (1) Invasion of Panama (1) Iowa (4) iowa caucuses (1) Ira Magaziner (1) Iran/Contra scandal (1) iraq (2) iraq war (4) iraq war costs (2) Irgun (1) ISIS (1) Islamic State (1) Islamophobia (1) Israel (5) Israeli Labor Party (1) Israeli-Palestinian conflict (6) James Bay II (1) James Carville (1) james watt (1) January 20 2001 (2) January 20 2009 (1) jeb bush (3) Jenn Karson (1) Jenny McCarthy (1) Jeremiah Wright (1) Jerry Falwell (1) Jerry Rubin (1) Jesse Helms (13) jesse jackson (3) Jessecrats (1) Jesus de Galindez (1) JFK Assassination (1) Jill Biden (1) Jim DeMint (1) Jim Hunt (3) Jimmy Langman (3) job losses (3) joe biden (3) joe herzenberg (3) Joe Sestak (1) joe trippi (1) John Boehner (3) john edwards (12) john kerry (4) John Lennon (1) John Locke (1) John McCain (16) John Moody (1) john poindexter (1) John Raese (1) John Reich (1) John Sinclair (1) Joni Ernst (5) June 24 1973 (1) justice (2) justice for all (1) Justice for Mike Brown (1) Kansas (2) Karl Marx (1) Karl Rove (5) Kay Hagan (4) Kayla Mueller (1) Ken Calvert (1) Kentucky (1) Kirti Shastri (1) KKK (1) Koch brothers (4) Korean War (1) Ku Klux Klan (2) labor unions (2) Lakota Woman (1) Lamar Alexander (1) Larry Kissell (1) Latin America (2) Latinos (2) Lawton Chiles (1) lazy journalism (1) Lebanon (1) lee c. wilson (1) legal system (1) Lehman Brothers (1) lesbian (1) liberation theology (1) Libya (1) Likud (3) Linda Brent (2) Lisa Abbott (3) lobbying (1) Louisiana (1) love child scandal (2) lynching (1) macaca moment (1) MAJIC (1) Mandy Carter (1) Marco Rubio (1) Mark Chilton (2) Mark Kleinschmidt (1) Mark Penn (1) marketing (2) Martin Frost (1) Martin Luther King Jr. (1) Mary Brave Bird (1) Mary Crow Dog (1) maternity leave (1) Matt Czajkowski (1) max cleland (1) mayor of franklin street (1) mbna (1) McCain missteps (2) McCain VP (7) McCarthyism (1) McDesperate (4) measles (1) media (2) media bias (3) media failed to inform (2) media hysteria (1) media monopolies (3) medical insurance industry (3) Medicare (1) melissa mcewan (1) memorial (1) Menachem Begin (2) mentor (1) merger (1) Michael Bell (1) Michael Brown (3) Michael Stipe (1) Michele Bachmann (1) Michelle Bachmann (1) michelle malkin (1) Michigan (1) middle east (1) Miguel Recarey (1) Mike Castle (1) Mike Easley (2) Mike Hummell (1) military-industrial complex (3) Millennials (1) Milton Wolf (1) minimum wage (1) mission not accomplished (1) Mitch McConnell (3) Mitt Romney (6) Mobil (2) molly ivins (1) money (1) Moral Majority (3) MOVE (4) multiculturalism (1) multinational corporations (2) Muslim Americans (1) mybo (1) NAACP (1) Nat Turner (1) Nathan Sproul (1) Native Americans (2) nc (4) NC Legislature (1) NC MOBE 96 (1) NC PDP (1) neo-nazis (1) Nestle (1) netroots (3) New Left (1) New Orleans (1) New World Order (1) New York City (3) Nicaragua (2) no justice no peace (1) No More Bushes (1) nobama democrats (1) non-profits (2) North Carolina (23) North Korea (1) nuclear industry (3) Obama Inauguration (1) Obamacare (1) Obsession DVD (1) OCAW (1) occupied territories (2) October 28 2007 (1) offshore drilling (1) Ohio (1) oil (10) oil industry (6) oliver north (1) Omar Cabezas (1) online organizing (1) oppression (2) oprah (1) organizing (12) Orlando Bosch (1) Osama Bin Laden (1) ots (2) outrage (1) overconsumption (1) Palestine (1) pandagon (1) pat buchanan (1) Pat Roberts (2) Pat Toomey (1) patriarchy (2) Paul Wellstone (1) payday lending (1) peace (4) peace is patriotic (1) Peggy Young (1) Pennsylvania (2) Penny Rich (1) Peter King (1) petition (2) pharmaceutical industry (1) Phillipines (1) phonebanking (1) phony billionaire (1) picketing (1) PIRGs (1) PLO (2) police accountability (4) police brutality (5) police oversight (4) political committees (1) political consultants (1) political heroes (1) polls (1) pottersville (1) President Obama (4) presidential campaign (30) privatization of education (2) pro-war propaganda (1) profits (1) progressive Democrats (3) progressives (1) property (1) protest (2) protests (6) Public Citizen (1) public health (2) public opinion (2) publishing industry (2) pulp (1) pulping (2) PUMA (1) race card (1) race relations (5) race riots (2) racism (22) racist terrorism (1) radicals (2) Rafael Trujillo (1) rally (1) ralph nader (3) RALs (1) Rand Paul (2) ray charles (1) reading list (3) reagan's racism (1) recall elections (1) recession of 1991-92 (2) recession of 2008 (1) redbaiting (1) redistricting (1) refugee camps (1) refund anticipation loans (1) reproductive rights (1) Republican National Convention (2) republican party (2) Republican Study Committee (1) returns (2) revolution (1) rich donors (2) Richard Fink (1) Rick Santorum (1) Rick Scott (1) rielle hunter (2) Right Wing (11) right wing Republicans (11) RIP (3) rip-off (1) Robert McCulloch (1) Robert Mercer (1) Robert Redford (2) Robin Hayes (1) ronald reagan (2) Ruby Sinreich (1) rudy giuliani (1) ruling class (1) rush limbaugh (3) Sabra and Shatilla Massacres (1) Sam Brownback (2) same-sex marriage (1) Sandinistas (1) Sarah Palin (14) SAU (1) savings and loans (1) Scamdal (1) schools (1) Scientology (1) Scott Brown (1) SDS (2) SEAC (20) selected not elected (1) Senate races (10) sept. 11 (4) sept. 11 2002 (2) sexism (2) Sharron Angle (1) Sheldon Adelson (1) Shimon Peres (1) single payer health system (2) Six-Day War (1) slaveholders (1) slavery (2) Smithfield Foods (1) social movements (1) social networking (1) solar panels (1) soul music (1) south carolina primary (4) Soviet Union (1) spat (1) Sprint (1) Stand With Peggy (1) state governments (1) Steve Scalise (1) Steve Schmidt (3) stolen election (5) stop bush (1) StopBrownback (1) strange incidents (2) street theatre (1) Student Action Union (1) student activism (19) student voting (3) students (11) subprime lending (1) super PACs (2) superdelegate petition (2) superdelegates (2) supreme court (5) susan baylies (1) swine flu panic (1) Syria (1) take action (16) tax code fairness (2) Tea Party (8) Ted Cruz (3) terrorism (2) Terry Sanford (1) The Revolt (1) The Zionist Dream Revisited (1) these guys (1) third world (3) Thom Tillis (3) Thomas Frank (1) Threshold (8) tim kaine (1) Time Warner (1) tobacco industry (1) Tom DeLay (1) Tongass National Forest (1) Tony Coelho (1) Tony Mazzocchi (1) torture (1) Troopergate (1) trump was born wealthy (1) U.S. power structure (2) UNC-Chapel Hill (5) undocumented immigrants (2) unemployment (1) United Kingdom (2) universal healthcare coverage (6) unprovoked war (1) UpStairs Lounge (1) uranium mining (1) US foreign policy (2) US support for Israel (2) vaccines work (1) Vandana Ramaswamy (1) VANISH (1) veepstakes (4) vice president (6) Vietnam War (7) VOE (1) volunteers (6) vote packing (1) voter education (2) voter ID (1) voter intimidation (2) voter mobilization (1) voter registration (12) voter suppression (9) voter turnout (8) voter-owned elections (1) voters (7) voters for obama (2) voting (1) voting problems (1) voting rights (1) vp (1) Waldenbooks (2) Wall Street (2) walter mondale (1) war (6) war in iraq (5) war on terror (4) war on women (1) war profits (1) War Resisters League (1) war toys (1) war weary (1) waste (2) waterboarding (1) wealth (2) white supremacy (3) Whittle Communications (1) Winona LaDuke (3) Wisconsin (2) women (1) Woodrow Wilson (1) Woodstock (1) workers (1) workplace discrimination (1) World War One (1) xenophobia (2) Yippie! (1) Yitzhak Rabin (1) you're fired (1) young voters (1) youth (1) youth empowerment (2) youtube (1) Yusef Hawkins (1) Zionism (2)

Even More Outrage via Leftweets.org

Twitter Outrage News Feed